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Ethereum Targets 100,000 TPS With Buterin’s ‘The Surge’ Plan

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In a new blog post titled “Possible futures for the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge,” Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined an ambitious roadmap aiming to scale Ethereum’s transaction processing capacity to over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) across Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) solutions. This initiative, known as “The Surge,” seeks to enhance scalability while preserving decentralization and security.

Buterin began by reflecting on Ethereum’s initial scaling strategies, which involved sharding and Layer 2 protocols like state channels and Plasma. At the beginning, Ethereum had two scaling strategies in its roadmap, he wrote, pointing to a 2015 paper that discussed sharding—a method where each node only needs to verify and store a fraction of the transactions. This approach mirrors how peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent operate.

Simultaneously, Layer 2 protocols were developed to offload computation and data from the main chain while leveraging Ethereum’s security. Rollups emerged in 2019 as a powerful Layer 2 solution, requiring significant on-chain data bandwidth. “Fortunately, by 2019 sharding research had solved the problem of verifying ‘data availability’ at scale. As a result, the two paths converged, and we got the rollup-centric roadmap which continues to be Ethereum’s scaling strategy today,” Buterin explained.

Ethereum Roadmap: The Surge

The Surge aims to achieve several key goals: reaching 100,000+ TPS on L1 and L2, preserving the decentralization and robustness of L1, ensuring that at least some L2s fully inherit Ethereum’s core properties of trustlessness, openness, and censorship resistance, and maximizing interoperability between L2s to make Ethereum feel like a unified ecosystem.

Ethereum The Surge: key goals
Ethereum The Surge: key goals | Source: vitalik.eth.limo

One of the primary techniques to achieve these goals is Data Availability Sampling (DAS). Currently, Ethereum’s L1 data bandwidth is limited, capping rollup TPS at approximately 174. To break this barrier, Ethereum plans to implement PeerDAS, a form of one-dimensional sampling that allows nodes to verify data availability efficiently.

“Our medium-term target is 16 MB per slot, which if combined with improvements in rollup data compression would give us ~58,000 TPS,” Buterin noted. Further into the future, two-dimensional sampling could be adopted to enhance efficiency, albeit with increased complexity. “We need much more work figuring out the ideal version of 2D DAS and proving its safety properties,” he added.

Data compression techniques are also crucial in reducing the data footprint of transactions. These include signature aggregation using BLS signatures, replacing addresses with pointers to historical data, and custom serialization for transaction values. “We can thus represent most currency values very compactly with a custom decimal floating point format, or even a dictionary of especially common values,” Buterin suggested.

Generalized Plasma is another significant component of The Surge. Plasma allows for off-chain transactions with on-chain security assurances. By incorporating SNARKs (Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge), Plasma becomes more powerful and generalizable. “Even if you can only protect a subset of assets […] you’ve already greatly improved on the status quo of ultra-scalable EVM, which is a validium,” he stated.

Buterin also emphasized the need to mature L2 proof systems. Most rollups today are not fully trustless, relying on security councils that can override proof systems. He stressed the importance of reaching “Stage 2” rollups, which are fully trustless and secure. This involves formal verification, using mathematical techniques to prove that proof systems align with the EVM specification.

“We can make a formally verified SNARK prover of a minimal VM,” he explained. Additionally, deploying multiple proof systems, or “multi-provers,” ensures redundancy and security. “If the proof systems agree, the security council has no power,” Buterin highlighted.

Enhancing cross-L2 interoperability is also a key focus. One major challenge is making the L2 ecosystem seamless for users. Buterin proposed several improvements, such as chain-specific addresses that include the chain identifier to simplify cross-L2 transactions, standardized payment requests for easy and secure requests for payments across different chains, and developing protocols like ERC-7683 and RIP-7755 for efficient asset exchanges and gas payments.

Buterin also advocated for light clients and keystore wallets to allow users to verify chains without relying on RPC providers and to simplify key management across chains. “Our ability to handle this problem successfully is a test of our ability to stick together as a community,” Buterin asserted.

While L2 scaling is vital, enhancing L1 remains crucial for Ethereum’s security and economic viability. Buterin discussed strategies like increasing the gas limit, making specific operations cheaper through proposals like EOF (EVM Object Format), and exploring native rollups. “A big question that any L1 scaling roadmap needs to answer is: what is the ultimate vision for what belongs on L1 and what belongs on L2?” he posed, emphasizing the need for balance to maintain Ethereum’s core strengths.

Buterin concluded, “Now our task is to bring the rollup-centric roadmap to completion, and solve these problems, while preserving the robustness and decentralization that makes the Ethereum L1 special.”

At press time, ETH traded at $2,625.

Ethereum price
Ether price, 1-week chart | Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

Featured image created with DALL.E, chart from TradingView.com



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Fundraising platform JustGiving accepts over 60 cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Ethereum

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  • JustGiving now accepts over 60 cryptocurrencies for people to donate with
  • 94% of crypto users are Millennials and Generation Z
  • More than $2 billion has been donated to charitable causes over the past five years

UK-based fundraising platform JustGiving is teaming up with The Giving Block, a digital asset company, to start accepting crypto donations.

JustGiving now allows users to donate in more than 60 cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, and Doge, according to a report from UK Fundraising. The move comes as the crypto market is experiencing a surge in value, with Bitcoin recording a new all-time high of over $94,000 yesterday on CoinMarketCap.

According to JustGiving’s website, over the past 24 years, the fundraising platform has raised $7.2 billion (£6 billion) and is trusted by thousands of charities worldwide, including the Alzheimer’s Society, the British Heart Foundation, Macmillan Cancer Support, and Mind.

Pascale Harvie, President and General Manager of JustGiving, said:

“In recent years there has been a surge in the use of cryptocurrencies and our decision to enable cryptocurrency donations is the latest demonstration of our commitment to forward-thinking innovation.”

Tapping into a tech-savvy demographic is also key. According to JustGiving, 94% of crypto users are Millennials and Gen Z.

Alex Wilson, co-founder of The Giving Block, said that “charities need to tap into this new donor demographic,” adding:

“580 million people now use cryptocurrency around the world and the market is worth nearly $3 trillion. Our goal is to make accepting cryptocurrency donations just as easy as taking any other online donations.”

In a 2024 Annual Report from The Giving Block, it noted that more than $2 billion has been donated to charitable causes over the past five years.



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Ethereum Consolidation Continues – Charts Signal Potential Breakout

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Este artículo también está disponible en español.

Ethereum (ETH) has consolidated since November 12, when it hit a local high of $4,446. Despite Bitcoin’s impressive rally capturing market attention, Ethereum has struggled to maintain upward momentum and reclaim its yearly highs. The price action reflects a period of indecision, as ETH faces challenges in breaking through significant resistance levels that could reignite bullish sentiment.

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While Ethereum lags behind Bitcoin in performance, analysts remain optimistic about its potential for a breakout. Notably, Carl Runefelt, a prominent crypto analyst, recently shared a technical analysis suggesting that ETH is on the verge of a major move.

According to Runefelt, Ethereum must push above a key resistance level to trigger a breakout and rejoin the broader market’s bullish trend.

As the second-largest cryptocurrency by market cap, Ethereum’s next steps will be crucial for traders and investors watching the market closely. A breakout above resistance could signal the start of a new upward phase, while continued consolidation might test the patience of market participants. With technical signals aligning and speculation building, Ethereum’s price action in the coming days will likely set the tone for its performance in the weeks ahead.

Ethereum Prepares To Surge

Ethereum has been underwhelming in its price action since March, struggling to keep pace with Bitcoin’s performance. Despite a few notable surges, ETH has yet to achieve the breakout investors eagerly anticipate. 

Related Reading: Solana Analyst Expects A Retrace Before It Breaks ATH – Targets Revealed

The prolonged consolidation has frustrated some traders, but an optimistic sentiment remains among those who believe Ethereum is poised for a significant rally once it clears key supply levels.

Top crypto analyst Carl Runefelt recently shared his technical analysis on X, highlighting Ethereum’s current position within a bullish flag pattern. According to Runefelt, ETH has attempted to break out of this formation for the past two weeks, facing stiff resistance at critical supply zones. However, he remains confident that it could rapidly surge to $4,150 once Ethereum breaches this level.

Ethereum struggles to break out of this Bullish flag
Ethereum struggles to break out of this Bullish flag | Source: Carl Runefelt on X

Such a move would mark a substantial percentage increase from current prices, sparking a wave of investor enthusiasm. The fear of missing out (FOMO) could drive additional buying momentum, creating a self-reinforcing price appreciation cycle. If ETH follows this trajectory, it would confirm the bullish flag breakout and signal Ethereum’s return to a dominant position in the crypto market.

ETH Price Action: Technical Details 

Ethereum is trading at $3,120 following several days of sideways consolidation below its recent local high of $3,446. Despite the pause in upward momentum, ETH has shown strength by surging above the critical 200-day moving average (MA), currently at $2,957, and maintaining its position above this key technical indicator.

ETH trading above its 200-day MA
ETH trading above its 200-day MA | Source: ETHUSDT chart on TradingView

The 200-day MA is often a pivotal line between bullish and bearish trends. Ethereum’s ability to stay above it signals robust support from buyers and growing confidence in the market. If ETH continues to hold this level, it could pave the way for a bullish surge, with the first target being the local top at $3,446.

Beyond that, a break above this resistance level could see ETH aiming for yearly highs near $4,000, reigniting enthusiasm among traders and investors. Such a move would likely confirm Ethereum’s return to a sustained uptrend, aligning it more closely with Bitcoin’s recent bullish performance.

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However, losing the 200-day MA as support could introduce risks of a pullback, potentially sending ETH to retest lower levels. Ethereum’s price action remains strong, with the market eagerly watching for the next significant move.

Featured image from Dall-E, chart from TradingView



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Ethereum Holders Endure Unrealized Losses – Is ETH Undervalued?

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Ethereum (ETH) has been underperforming in this cycle, trailing far behind Bitcoin’s impressive rally to new all-time highs. While Bitcoin captures headlines with its continued surge, ETH struggles to reclaim its yearly highs, leaving many investors questioning its next move.

Despite the lackluster price action, data from CryptoQuant CEO Ki Young Ju reveals a silver lining for ETH holders. According to Ju, many ETH investors are enduring unrealized losses, reminiscent of ETH’s early 2020 bottom before its explosive bull run. This suggests that the current market conditions might offer a unique opportunity for long-term ETH investors.

Ju’s analysis highlights that substantial price recoveries have historically followed such phases of unrealized losses. If Ethereum starts to gain momentum and close the gap with Bitcoin, the potential gains could be massive. For investors, this could mark the beginning of an upward trend, rewarding those who remain patient during this period of consolidation.

With market sentiment shifting and historical data supporting a bullish case, ETH’s next move could be pivotal. Investors and analysts closely watch ETH’s price action, hoping for signs of a breakout that could reignite its momentum and deliver significant returns.

Last Chance To Buy Ethereum?

Despite Ethereum’s underwhelming performance this cycle, there are signs of bullish price action in recent weeks. ETH has remained relatively stagnant compared to Bitcoin’s meteoric rise. However, optimistic signals suggest this could be the last opportunity to accumulate ETH at discounted prices before it starts its ascent toward new highs.

Critical data from CryptoQuant CEO Ki Young Ju sheds light on an interesting development: the ETH-BTC NUPL (Net Unrealized Profit/Loss) has reached a 4-year low. This indicates that, despite Ethereum’s lagging performance against Bitcoin, many ETH holders are enduring unrealized losses. 

Ethereum ETH-BTC NUPL hits a 4-year low
Ethereum ETH-BTC NUPL hits a 4-year low | Source: Ki Young Ju on X

This mirrors Ethereum’s early 2020 bottom situation, just before it began its explosive rally. Ju believes that this period of underperformance might present an opportunity for long-term ETH investors, as it could set the stage for a potential surge.

However, Ju also notes that Ethereum’s future heavily depends on the revenue generated by Web3 applications, particularly through stablecoins. While the ecosystem remains promising, it also feels heavily leveraged, and the issue of sustainable growth through Web3 app revenue doesn’t seem likely to resolve anytime soon. 

Over a one-year timeframe, Ju finds ETH less appealing than BTC, although regulatory clarity in the future could change the dynamics and enhance Ethereum’s appeal. For now, this period of consolidation presents a critical moment for ETH believers to position themselves before any significant price movements.

ETH Testing Crucial Demand

Ethereum is testing crucial demand above the $3,000 level, trading at $3,120 after several days of sideways consolidation below its local high at $3,446. This consolidation suggests that ETH is preparing for a potential breakout, especially with its recent surge above the key 200-day moving average at $2,957. Holding above this key support level is critical for maintaining bullish momentum.

ETH trading above $30,000 and 200-day MA
ETH trading above $30,000 and 200-day MA | Source: ETHUSDT chart on TradingView

If Ethereum stays above the 200-day moving average and continues its upward trajectory, the next major resistance zone will be the local high at $3,446. A successful breakout above this level could pave the way for ETH to challenge its yearly highs, potentially reaching the $4,000 mark.

The current price action indicates a solid demand foundation above $3,000, and if ETH can maintain this level, it could trigger a bullish surge. However, failure to hold above the 200-day moving average could lead to a retest of lower support levels, such as $2,900 or even $2,500.

As of now, ETH remains poised for a potential move higher, and traders are watching closely for confirmation of a breakout to new highs.

Featured image from Dall-E, chart from TradingView



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