Ethereum
Ethereum Targets 100,000 TPS With Buterin’s ‘The Surge’ Plan

In a new blog post titled “Possible futures for the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge,” Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined an ambitious roadmap aiming to scale Ethereum’s transaction processing capacity to over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) across Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) solutions. This initiative, known as “The Surge,” seeks to enhance scalability while preserving decentralization and security.
Buterin began by reflecting on Ethereum’s initial scaling strategies, which involved sharding and Layer 2 protocols like state channels and Plasma. At the beginning, Ethereum had two scaling strategies in its roadmap, he wrote, pointing to a 2015 paper that discussed sharding—a method where each node only needs to verify and store a fraction of the transactions. This approach mirrors how peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent operate.
Simultaneously, Layer 2 protocols were developed to offload computation and data from the main chain while leveraging Ethereum’s security. Rollups emerged in 2019 as a powerful Layer 2 solution, requiring significant on-chain data bandwidth. “Fortunately, by 2019 sharding research had solved the problem of verifying ‘data availability’ at scale. As a result, the two paths converged, and we got the rollup-centric roadmap which continues to be Ethereum’s scaling strategy today,” Buterin explained.
Ethereum Roadmap: The Surge
The Surge aims to achieve several key goals: reaching 100,000+ TPS on L1 and L2, preserving the decentralization and robustness of L1, ensuring that at least some L2s fully inherit Ethereum’s core properties of trustlessness, openness, and censorship resistance, and maximizing interoperability between L2s to make Ethereum feel like a unified ecosystem.

One of the primary techniques to achieve these goals is Data Availability Sampling (DAS). Currently, Ethereum’s L1 data bandwidth is limited, capping rollup TPS at approximately 174. To break this barrier, Ethereum plans to implement PeerDAS, a form of one-dimensional sampling that allows nodes to verify data availability efficiently.
“Our medium-term target is 16 MB per slot, which if combined with improvements in rollup data compression would give us ~58,000 TPS,” Buterin noted. Further into the future, two-dimensional sampling could be adopted to enhance efficiency, albeit with increased complexity. “We need much more work figuring out the ideal version of 2D DAS and proving its safety properties,” he added.
Data compression techniques are also crucial in reducing the data footprint of transactions. These include signature aggregation using BLS signatures, replacing addresses with pointers to historical data, and custom serialization for transaction values. “We can thus represent most currency values very compactly with a custom decimal floating point format, or even a dictionary of especially common values,” Buterin suggested.
Generalized Plasma is another significant component of The Surge. Plasma allows for off-chain transactions with on-chain security assurances. By incorporating SNARKs (Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge), Plasma becomes more powerful and generalizable. “Even if you can only protect a subset of assets […] you’ve already greatly improved on the status quo of ultra-scalable EVM, which is a validium,” he stated.
Buterin also emphasized the need to mature L2 proof systems. Most rollups today are not fully trustless, relying on security councils that can override proof systems. He stressed the importance of reaching “Stage 2” rollups, which are fully trustless and secure. This involves formal verification, using mathematical techniques to prove that proof systems align with the EVM specification.
“We can make a formally verified SNARK prover of a minimal VM,” he explained. Additionally, deploying multiple proof systems, or “multi-provers,” ensures redundancy and security. “If the proof systems agree, the security council has no power,” Buterin highlighted.
Enhancing cross-L2 interoperability is also a key focus. One major challenge is making the L2 ecosystem seamless for users. Buterin proposed several improvements, such as chain-specific addresses that include the chain identifier to simplify cross-L2 transactions, standardized payment requests for easy and secure requests for payments across different chains, and developing protocols like ERC-7683 and RIP-7755 for efficient asset exchanges and gas payments.
Buterin also advocated for light clients and keystore wallets to allow users to verify chains without relying on RPC providers and to simplify key management across chains. “Our ability to handle this problem successfully is a test of our ability to stick together as a community,” Buterin asserted.
While L2 scaling is vital, enhancing L1 remains crucial for Ethereum’s security and economic viability. Buterin discussed strategies like increasing the gas limit, making specific operations cheaper through proposals like EOF (EVM Object Format), and exploring native rollups. “A big question that any L1 scaling roadmap needs to answer is: what is the ultimate vision for what belongs on L1 and what belongs on L2?” he posed, emphasizing the need for balance to maintain Ethereum’s core strengths.
Buterin concluded, “Now our task is to bring the rollup-centric roadmap to completion, and solve these problems, while preserving the robustness and decentralization that makes the Ethereum L1 special.”
At press time, ETH traded at $2,625.

Featured image created with DALL.E, chart from TradingView.com
Ethereum
Can A Short Squeeze Send Ethereum To $3,000? Analysts Discuss Where ETH May Be Headed

As a result of the recent pullback in the cryptocurrency market over the weekend, Ethereum (ETH) has created two Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) gaps at $3,000 and $2,600. Crypto analyst Ted suggests that a short squeeze could soon push the price beyond $3,000, potentially filling these two CME gaps.
Is An Ethereum Short Squeeze Imminent?
Over the past two weeks, Ethereum has lost $70 billion in its total market capitalization, leaving it with a market cap of $268 billion at the time of writing. According to data from the Binance crypto exchange, ETH reached a low of $1,993 on March 4.
Although Ethereum is currently trading in the low $2,000 range, analysts believe that a short squeeze could benefit ETH bulls. Ted took to X to share his analysis on ETH’s current price action.
The analyst pointed out that ETH has two significant CME gaps to fill in the short term: one at $3,000 and the other at $2,600. Ted also noted that since Q1 2024, ETH has filled all CME gaps, so it wouldn’t be surprising to see these gaps filled soon.
Excessive bearish sentiment surrounding ETH could be the catalyst that triggers a massive short squeeze. The analyst explained:
I think we could soon see a massive short squeeze, which will fill the first CME GAP. After that, there could be some consolidation before ETH heads higher.

For the uninformed, a CME gap refers to the price difference that occurs on Ethereum futures contracts traded on the CME when the market closes for the weekend and reopens at a different price. Traders often watch these gaps, as ETH historically tends to “fill” them by revisiting the price level where the gap occurred.
Similarly, a short squeeze occurs when traders who have bet against an asset are forced to buy back their positions as the price rapidly rises due to unexpected bullish momentum. This surge in buying pressure can further drive up the asset’s price, forcing liquidations and potentially even higher prices.
Multiple Bullish Signs For ETH, But Sentiment Needs To Improve
Fellow crypto trader Merlijn The Trader’s analysis appears to align with Ted’s. The trader noted that the ETH Relative Strength Index (RSI) is at a “critical level,” highlighting that every time the digital asset has entered this zone, a significant move followed.
Other positive signs, such as a bullish divergence, also seem to suggest a potential upward move for Ethereum. However, it would be prudent to wait for similar bullish indicators to develop on longer timeframes before entering the market.
While these indicators may point toward a potential rally in ETH, the overall sentiment surrounding the digital currency continues to be in the doldrums. At press time, ETH is trading at $2,221, up 1.4% in the past 24 hours.

Featured Image from Unsplash.com, Charts from X and TradingView.com
Ethereum
Ethereum At A Crossroads: Price Testing The Lower Boundary Of A Key Chart Pattern

Since the beginning of this year, Ethereum has underperformed compared to major digital assets in the market. ETH’s underperformance has sparked concerns within the community, with traders finding it difficult to determine whether the altcoin is gearing up for a major rally or further downside pressure. However, current price action shows that ETH might be set for a price rebound in the short term.
Chart Pattern Hints At A Recovery For Ethereum
In an X (formerly Twitter) post, Ali Martinez, a seasoned technical expert and trader, highlighted a bullish development in the Ethereum chart. The expert has pointed out the formation of a key chart pattern, which could reignite upside momentum and push ETH toward key resistance levels.
Delving into Ethereum‘s recent price action, a Parallel Channel pattern has emerged in the 1-day time frame. Specifically, a parallel channel is a technical chart pattern created by connecting highs and lows with two parallel trendlines. This chart formation helps investors and traders determine the potential entry and exit points in a cryptocurrency’s price.

Presently, Ali Martinez noted that the altcoin is testing the lower boundary of the key pattern, where it may secure enough strength to transition to the upside. In the event that the pattern triggers a bounce for ETH to reclaim the $2,350 level, it will fuel a strong recovery toward $3,000 and $4,000.
As the asset tests the pattern’s lower boundary, it shows that ETH is at a pivotal junction as it gears up for its next move. With ETH hovering near key resistance levels, bullish momentum continues to build, raising the possibility of a rebound for a crucial breakout.
Investors Cut Back Their Exposure To ETH
Amid the bearish movements, on-chain data is showing a decrease in ETH exposure among investors. A recent report from on-chain data and financial platform Glassnode reveals that Ethereum investors actively managed their exposure during this turbulent period.
Ethereum retraced to the $2,050 area following a surge to about $2,500, levels last seen in November 2023, probably contributing to the current shift in investors’ behavior. Looking at Glassnode’s chart in the 3-month view, there is robust engagement from investors with an initial cost basis at the $3,500 mark.
Data shows that these holders diligently reduced their exposure throughout February as they stepped in at the local top at $2,500 and the bottom at $2,050. Furthermore, these holders have reduced their initial cost basis by about 10% and currently hold over 1.75 million ETH at $3,200.
Even as Ethereum’s price declines, this trend has continued. On March 1, Glassnode noted that 500,000 ETH were purchased at $2,200 but were promptly redistributed at the $2,500 local top.
Meanwhile, the $2,800 mark is the first major resistance barrier, where 800,000 ETH has been accumulated. Glassnode expresses much importance to this level as a price recovery is likely to occur in this area.
Featured image from Unsplash, chart from Tradingview.com
Ethereum
Ethereum Addresses Holding Over 10,000 ETH Droped To 919 In Two Weeks – Insights

Ethereum is trading at low levels after failing to reclaim the $2,500 mark, leaving the market uncertain about its next move. Analysts remain divided, with some calling for a continued drop as ETH’s price action remains unstable, while others see signs of a potential recovery forming at key support levels.
Top analyst Ali Martinez shared on-chain data from Glassnode, revealing that the number of Ethereum addresses holding more than 10,000 ETH has dropped to 919, down from 999 in late February. This suggests that whales have been selling heavily during the latest correction, likely driven by fear and liquidity issues. The capitulation of big players is often a bearish sign, signaling uncertainty among institutional investors and raising concerns about further downside risk.

Despite this wave of selling, Ethereum has held a key demand level around $2,200, suggesting that a potential reversal could be forming. If ETH manages to stabilize at this level, it could build momentum for a rebound in the coming weeks.
The next few weeks will be crucial for ETH’s price action. If bulls regain control, Ethereum could attempt another push toward $2,500 and beyond. However, failure to hold current levels could result in another leg down, extending its bearish phase and keeping traders on edge.
Price Action Details: Key Levels To Watch
Ethereum (ETH) is currently trading at $2,300, stuck in a range after failing to hold above $2,500 or break below $2,000. The market remains uncertain, with volatility swinging ETH’s price up and down, preventing a clear trend from forming.

For bulls to confirm a recovery rally, a push above the $2,500-$2,600 range is essential. Reclaiming this zone would signal strong buying momentum, potentially shifting sentiment back in favor of bulls. Without this move, Ethereum remains at risk of continued consolidation or another leg down.
However, for now, the main focus is on holding the $2,200 demand level. This key support zone has kept ETH from breaking lower, but if it fails, selling pressure could intensify, pushing Ethereum toward sub-$2,000 levels.
With market uncertainty still high, traders are watching whether ETH can stabilize above $2,200 or gain momentum toward higher resistance levels. Until Ethereum breaks out of its current range, volatility is expected to continue, keeping both bulls and bears cautious about the next major price move.
Featured image from Dall-E, chart from TradingView
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