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Ethereum Targets 100,000 TPS With Buterin’s ‘The Surge’ Plan

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In a new blog post titled “Possible futures for the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge,” Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined an ambitious roadmap aiming to scale Ethereum’s transaction processing capacity to over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) across Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) solutions. This initiative, known as “The Surge,” seeks to enhance scalability while preserving decentralization and security.

Buterin began by reflecting on Ethereum’s initial scaling strategies, which involved sharding and Layer 2 protocols like state channels and Plasma. At the beginning, Ethereum had two scaling strategies in its roadmap, he wrote, pointing to a 2015 paper that discussed sharding—a method where each node only needs to verify and store a fraction of the transactions. This approach mirrors how peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent operate.

Simultaneously, Layer 2 protocols were developed to offload computation and data from the main chain while leveraging Ethereum’s security. Rollups emerged in 2019 as a powerful Layer 2 solution, requiring significant on-chain data bandwidth. “Fortunately, by 2019 sharding research had solved the problem of verifying ‘data availability’ at scale. As a result, the two paths converged, and we got the rollup-centric roadmap which continues to be Ethereum’s scaling strategy today,” Buterin explained.

Ethereum Roadmap: The Surge

The Surge aims to achieve several key goals: reaching 100,000+ TPS on L1 and L2, preserving the decentralization and robustness of L1, ensuring that at least some L2s fully inherit Ethereum’s core properties of trustlessness, openness, and censorship resistance, and maximizing interoperability between L2s to make Ethereum feel like a unified ecosystem.

Ethereum The Surge: key goals
Ethereum The Surge: key goals | Source: vitalik.eth.limo

One of the primary techniques to achieve these goals is Data Availability Sampling (DAS). Currently, Ethereum’s L1 data bandwidth is limited, capping rollup TPS at approximately 174. To break this barrier, Ethereum plans to implement PeerDAS, a form of one-dimensional sampling that allows nodes to verify data availability efficiently.

“Our medium-term target is 16 MB per slot, which if combined with improvements in rollup data compression would give us ~58,000 TPS,” Buterin noted. Further into the future, two-dimensional sampling could be adopted to enhance efficiency, albeit with increased complexity. “We need much more work figuring out the ideal version of 2D DAS and proving its safety properties,” he added.

Data compression techniques are also crucial in reducing the data footprint of transactions. These include signature aggregation using BLS signatures, replacing addresses with pointers to historical data, and custom serialization for transaction values. “We can thus represent most currency values very compactly with a custom decimal floating point format, or even a dictionary of especially common values,” Buterin suggested.

Generalized Plasma is another significant component of The Surge. Plasma allows for off-chain transactions with on-chain security assurances. By incorporating SNARKs (Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge), Plasma becomes more powerful and generalizable. “Even if you can only protect a subset of assets […] you’ve already greatly improved on the status quo of ultra-scalable EVM, which is a validium,” he stated.

Buterin also emphasized the need to mature L2 proof systems. Most rollups today are not fully trustless, relying on security councils that can override proof systems. He stressed the importance of reaching “Stage 2” rollups, which are fully trustless and secure. This involves formal verification, using mathematical techniques to prove that proof systems align with the EVM specification.

“We can make a formally verified SNARK prover of a minimal VM,” he explained. Additionally, deploying multiple proof systems, or “multi-provers,” ensures redundancy and security. “If the proof systems agree, the security council has no power,” Buterin highlighted.

Enhancing cross-L2 interoperability is also a key focus. One major challenge is making the L2 ecosystem seamless for users. Buterin proposed several improvements, such as chain-specific addresses that include the chain identifier to simplify cross-L2 transactions, standardized payment requests for easy and secure requests for payments across different chains, and developing protocols like ERC-7683 and RIP-7755 for efficient asset exchanges and gas payments.

Buterin also advocated for light clients and keystore wallets to allow users to verify chains without relying on RPC providers and to simplify key management across chains. “Our ability to handle this problem successfully is a test of our ability to stick together as a community,” Buterin asserted.

While L2 scaling is vital, enhancing L1 remains crucial for Ethereum’s security and economic viability. Buterin discussed strategies like increasing the gas limit, making specific operations cheaper through proposals like EOF (EVM Object Format), and exploring native rollups. “A big question that any L1 scaling roadmap needs to answer is: what is the ultimate vision for what belongs on L1 and what belongs on L2?” he posed, emphasizing the need for balance to maintain Ethereum’s core strengths.

Buterin concluded, “Now our task is to bring the rollup-centric roadmap to completion, and solve these problems, while preserving the robustness and decentralization that makes the Ethereum L1 special.”

At press time, ETH traded at $2,625.

Ethereum price
Ether price, 1-week chart | Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

Featured image created with DALL.E, chart from TradingView.com



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Ethereum

Why This Crypto Asset Is Bitwise CIO’s Best Contrarian Bet

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Este artículo también está disponible en español.

In an interview with Aaron Arnold, founder of Altcoin Daily, Matt Hougan, the Chief Investment Officer (CIO) of Bitwise Asset Management, shared his optimistic outlook on Ethereum for 2025. Amidst a crypto landscape where Bitcoin and emerging high-performance blockchains like Solana, Sui, and Aptos dominate headlines, Hougan positions Ethereum as a “contrarian bet” that may offer significant returns for investors willing to look beyond current market sentiments.

Why Ethereum Is The Best “Contrarian Bet”

Hougan acknowledged Ethereum’s unique position within the crypto market. He describes Ethereum as “the asset that people love to hate; it’s kind of the middle child of crypto.” While Bitcoin maintains its status as the original cryptocurrency and a store of value, newer blockchains capture attention with promises of superior performance and innovative features. Ethereum, meanwhile, is often criticized for issues like high fees and the migration of activity to Layer-2’s, leading some to view it as outdated technology struggling to keep pace with its competitors.

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However, Hougan challenges this narrative by emphasizing Ethereum’s foundational role in some of the most critical and rapidly growing areas of the crypto industry. “When you step back and look at it, what are the killer apps of crypto outside of Bitcoin? They are things like stablecoins, DeFi [decentralized finance], and tokenization,” he notes. Despite the emergence of alternative platforms, Ethereum remains the leading blockchain supporting these applications. It is the primary choice for developers and institutions. “If you’re a large traditional financial player looking to build on a public blockchain what blockchain are you going to choose most likely? You’re going to choose Ethereum,” Hougan claims.

The Bitwise CIO attributes Ethereum’s underperformance to a transitional phase in its development. “I think Ethereum has sort of passed over this year because it’s going through this complex teenage adjustment in its architecture,” he explained. This “teenage adjustment” refers to Ethereum’s ongoing upgrades.

Hougan remains bullish on Ethereum’s long-term prospects, considering it a strong contrarian play for 2025. “Ethereum is the best contrarian bet in crypto right now,” he stated via X. Hougan believes that the market’s current focus on Bitcoin and newer blockchains has caused many to overlook Ethereum’s enduring strengths and potential for growth. He asserts that as the blockchain completes its architectural upgrades, it will be better positioned to capitalize on its dominant role in key sectors like stablecoins and DeFi.

When asked whether he believes Ethereum will break it’s all-time highs, Hougan expressed cautious optimism. “I certainly think we could see that in 2025 if we see significant growth in the application space,” he responded. However, he emphasized that Ethereum’s ability to reach new price levels is more conditional compared to Bitcoin. “I think it’s maybe more conditional than Bitcoin,” he admitted.

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Key among these conditions is the enactment of favorable stablecoin legislation. “We need to see positive stablecoin legislation that helps that move aggressively into the mainstream,” Hougan stresses. Regulatory clarity and support for stablecoins could lead to increased adoption and integration into the mainstream financial system, directly benefiting Ethereum as the primary platform for these digital assets. Additionally, he points to the necessity for continued growth in decentralized applications (dApps) built on the Ethereum network. “We need to see more growth in apps that are built on the Ethereum ecosystem,” he added.

Hougan advises investors to focus on the overall growth and development of the Ethereum ecosystem rather than short-term concerns like fee structures or the migration to Layer 2 solutions. “I don’t think that’s the game to play with Ethereum right now,” he remarks regarding worries about fees and network congestion. Instead, he suggests that the intrinsic value of Ethereum will become apparent as its ecosystem expands and matures. “Think about the growth of the ecosystem, and the value will sort itself out,” he asserts.

Hougan stated that while he remains bullish on both Bitcoin and Ethereum, he sees a unique opportunity with Ethereum due to its current undervaluation and the market’s overlooking of its potential. “I know I just made a very bullish case for Bitcoin; now I’m making a very bullish case for Ethereum. I am bullish for both, and I think the setup for both is pretty good,” he concludes.

At press time, ETH traded at $2,624.

Ethereum price
Ether price, 1-week chart | Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

Featured image from YouTube, chart from TradingView.com



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Ethereum

Ethereum Whales Are Quietly Accumulating—Is A Major Price Breakout Coming?

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Meet Samuel Edyme, Nickname – HIM-buktu. A web3 content writer, journalist, and aspiring trader, Edyme is as versatile as they come. With a knack for words and a nose for trends, he has penned pieces for numerous industry player, including AMBCrypto, Blockchain.News, and Blockchain Reporter, among others.

Edyme’s foray into the crypto universe is nothing short of cinematic. His journey began not with a triumphant investment, but with a scam. Yes, a Ponzi scheme that used crypto as payment roped him in. Rather than retreating, he emerged wiser and more determined, channeling his experience into over three years of insightful market analysis.

Before becoming the voice of reason in the crypto space, Edyme was the quintessential crypto degen. He aped into anything that promised a quick buck, anything ape-able, learning the ropes the hard way. These hands-on experience through major market events—like the Terra Luna crash, the wave of bankruptcies in crypto firms, the notorious FTX collapse, and even CZ’s arrest—has honed his keen sense of market dynamics.

When he isn’t crafting engaging crypto content, you’ll find Edyme backtesting charts, studying both forex and synthetic indices. His dedication to mastering the art of trading is as relentless as his pursuit of the next big story. Away from his screens, he can be found in the gym, airpods in, working out and listening to his favorite artist, NF. Or maybe he’s catching some Z’s or scrolling through Elon Musk’s very own X platform—(oops, another screen activity, my bad…)

Well, being an introvert, Edyme thrives in the digital realm, preferring online interaction over offline encounters—(don’t judge, that’s just how he is built). His determination is quite unwavering to be honest, and he embodies the philosophy of continuous improvement, or “kaizen,” striving to be 1% better every day. His mantras, “God knows best” and “Everything is still on track,” reflect his resilient outlook and how he lives his life.

In a nutshell, Samuel Edyme was born efficient, driven by ambition, and perhaps a touch fierce. He’s neither artistic nor unrealistic, and certainly not chauvinistic. Think of him as Bruce Willis in a train wreck—unflappable. Edyme is like trading in your car for a jet—bold. He’s the guy who’d ask his boss for a pay cut just to prove a point—(uhhh…). He is like watching your kid take his first steps. Imagine Bill Gates struggling with rent—okay, maybe that’s a stretch, but you get the idea, yeah. Unbelievable? Yes. Inconceivable? Perhaps.

Edyme sees himself as a fairly reasonable guy, albeit a bit stubborn. Normal to you is not to him. He is not the one to take the easy road, and why would he? That’s just not the way he roll. He has these favorite lyrics from NF’s “Clouds” that resonate deeply with him: “What you think’s probably unfeasible, I’ve done already a hundredfold.”

PS—Edyme is HIM. HIM-buktu. Him-mulation. Him-Kardashian. Himon and Pumba. He even had his DNA tested, and guess what? He’s 100% Him-alayan. Screw it, he ate the opp.



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Ethereum About To ‘Catch Up On BTC’, Will It Reclaim $3,000?

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Este artículo también está disponible en español.

Following the market’s recent performance, Ethereum (ETH) attempted to break out of a bullish formation. Some analysts believe the cryptocurrency is preparing to catch up with Bitcoin and aim for March highs.

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Ethereum Getting Ready To Challenge BTC

This week, Ethereum has successfully reclaimed the $2,500 support zone following the market’s recent performance. The second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization has seen an 8.6% increase in the last seven days, moving from the $2,300-$2,400 range to the $2,600 mark.

In the last 24 hours, ETH has retested the $2,600 resistance level, currently holding it as support as it attempts to reclaim the $2,700 price range. This zone is the next crucial level, as the cryptocurrency hasn’t successfully broken above it in nearly three months.

Market analyst CryptoWolf pointed out that Ethereum has been rejected from the local top around this level twice since August’s market crash, making it the next big resistance to break.

However, once the zone is cleared, ETH’s price is “heading straight to the 3500s” since the analyst considers that the $3,000 mark “won’t stand a chance.” Similarly, crypto analyst Alex Clay suggested that the King of Altcoins is about to “catch up on BTC” and rise toward $3,500.

Ethereum
ETH targets $3,500 once it breaks out. Source: Alex Clay on X

To the analyst, Ethereum completed its local accumulation within the $2,100-$2,700 range, and “it’s ready to switch the short-term trend for the bullish.” Other market watchers also suggested that the market is near the bottom after the sideway moves, based on the ETH/BTC chart.

Tony Research stated that the chart “suggests that altcoins are currently cheap relative to Bitcoin. An increase in this chart will positively affect altcoins and their prices.” As the investor pointed out, altcoins could see significant growth during Q1 2025 since Q4s have historically been Bitcoin’s best time to grow.

ETH Attempts Breakout From Bullish Pattern

Analyst Crypto Yapper noted that Ethereum is trying to break from its consolidating formation. The cryptocurrency has been within a three-month symmetrical triangle pattern, and it attempted to break above the upper trendline on Tuesday.

Ethereum
ETH attempts to break from a symmetrical triangle. Source: Crypto Yapper on X

Yesterday, ETH rose momentarily above the trendline after hitting $2,688 but quickly retraced to $2,550. Ethereum tried another breakout from the symmetrical triangle upper trendline on Wednesday, surging above $2,630 before settling around the $2,600 support zone.

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To the analyst, Ethereum will target the $2,900 mark next if it breaks out of this formation. Recovering this level could propel ETH’s price to its March highs, as the $2,900-$3,000 price range was a key support zone during the rally’s first leg.

Meanwhile, season trader Peter Brandt recently highlighted an inverted Head and Shoulders (H&S) pattern on ETH’s chart. The trader signaled that an H&S bottom is forming, also suggesting a massive breakout might be imminent.

As of this writing, ETH is trading at $2,612, a 1% increase in the daily timeframe.

ethereum, eth, ethusdt
ETH’s performance in the three-day chart. Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView

Featured Image from Unsplash.com, Chart from TradingView.com



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