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Ethereum Targets 100,000 TPS With Buterin’s ‘The Surge’ Plan

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In a new blog post titled “Possible futures for the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge,” Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined an ambitious roadmap aiming to scale Ethereum’s transaction processing capacity to over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) across Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) solutions. This initiative, known as “The Surge,” seeks to enhance scalability while preserving decentralization and security.

Buterin began by reflecting on Ethereum’s initial scaling strategies, which involved sharding and Layer 2 protocols like state channels and Plasma. At the beginning, Ethereum had two scaling strategies in its roadmap, he wrote, pointing to a 2015 paper that discussed sharding—a method where each node only needs to verify and store a fraction of the transactions. This approach mirrors how peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent operate.

Simultaneously, Layer 2 protocols were developed to offload computation and data from the main chain while leveraging Ethereum’s security. Rollups emerged in 2019 as a powerful Layer 2 solution, requiring significant on-chain data bandwidth. “Fortunately, by 2019 sharding research had solved the problem of verifying ‘data availability’ at scale. As a result, the two paths converged, and we got the rollup-centric roadmap which continues to be Ethereum’s scaling strategy today,” Buterin explained.

Ethereum Roadmap: The Surge

The Surge aims to achieve several key goals: reaching 100,000+ TPS on L1 and L2, preserving the decentralization and robustness of L1, ensuring that at least some L2s fully inherit Ethereum’s core properties of trustlessness, openness, and censorship resistance, and maximizing interoperability between L2s to make Ethereum feel like a unified ecosystem.

Ethereum The Surge: key goals
Ethereum The Surge: key goals | Source: vitalik.eth.limo

One of the primary techniques to achieve these goals is Data Availability Sampling (DAS). Currently, Ethereum’s L1 data bandwidth is limited, capping rollup TPS at approximately 174. To break this barrier, Ethereum plans to implement PeerDAS, a form of one-dimensional sampling that allows nodes to verify data availability efficiently.

“Our medium-term target is 16 MB per slot, which if combined with improvements in rollup data compression would give us ~58,000 TPS,” Buterin noted. Further into the future, two-dimensional sampling could be adopted to enhance efficiency, albeit with increased complexity. “We need much more work figuring out the ideal version of 2D DAS and proving its safety properties,” he added.

Data compression techniques are also crucial in reducing the data footprint of transactions. These include signature aggregation using BLS signatures, replacing addresses with pointers to historical data, and custom serialization for transaction values. “We can thus represent most currency values very compactly with a custom decimal floating point format, or even a dictionary of especially common values,” Buterin suggested.

Generalized Plasma is another significant component of The Surge. Plasma allows for off-chain transactions with on-chain security assurances. By incorporating SNARKs (Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge), Plasma becomes more powerful and generalizable. “Even if you can only protect a subset of assets […] you’ve already greatly improved on the status quo of ultra-scalable EVM, which is a validium,” he stated.

Buterin also emphasized the need to mature L2 proof systems. Most rollups today are not fully trustless, relying on security councils that can override proof systems. He stressed the importance of reaching “Stage 2” rollups, which are fully trustless and secure. This involves formal verification, using mathematical techniques to prove that proof systems align with the EVM specification.

“We can make a formally verified SNARK prover of a minimal VM,” he explained. Additionally, deploying multiple proof systems, or “multi-provers,” ensures redundancy and security. “If the proof systems agree, the security council has no power,” Buterin highlighted.

Enhancing cross-L2 interoperability is also a key focus. One major challenge is making the L2 ecosystem seamless for users. Buterin proposed several improvements, such as chain-specific addresses that include the chain identifier to simplify cross-L2 transactions, standardized payment requests for easy and secure requests for payments across different chains, and developing protocols like ERC-7683 and RIP-7755 for efficient asset exchanges and gas payments.

Buterin also advocated for light clients and keystore wallets to allow users to verify chains without relying on RPC providers and to simplify key management across chains. “Our ability to handle this problem successfully is a test of our ability to stick together as a community,” Buterin asserted.

While L2 scaling is vital, enhancing L1 remains crucial for Ethereum’s security and economic viability. Buterin discussed strategies like increasing the gas limit, making specific operations cheaper through proposals like EOF (EVM Object Format), and exploring native rollups. “A big question that any L1 scaling roadmap needs to answer is: what is the ultimate vision for what belongs on L1 and what belongs on L2?” he posed, emphasizing the need for balance to maintain Ethereum’s core strengths.

Buterin concluded, “Now our task is to bring the rollup-centric roadmap to completion, and solve these problems, while preserving the robustness and decentralization that makes the Ethereum L1 special.”

At press time, ETH traded at $2,625.

Ethereum price
Ether price, 1-week chart | Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

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Ethereum to Emphasize Layer-1 Efficiency and UX in Upcoming Protocol Upgrades

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The Ethereum Foundation is realigning its developmental strategy to address core protocol efficiency and user experience challenges, following recent leadership changes earlier this year.

Co-executive director Tomasz Stańczak outlined the updated focus areas in a public statement on X earlier today, emphasizing that the shift is intended to strengthen Ethereum’s long-term scalability while improving near-term usability.

Protocol Upgrades and a Revised Role for Vitalik Buterin

Stańczak described the discussions surrounding Ethereum’s base-layer roadmap as extensive and community-driven, noting that the changes are designed to sharpen focus among researchers and core developers. Stańczak wrote:

Our discussions about the Layer 1 scaling roadmap have been extensive, and the feedback so far suggests that the community appreciates our ambition. Turning that ambition into reality now depends on the focus of the core development teams and researchers.

As part of its strategic transition, the Ethereum Foundation is aiming to give Vitalik Buterin more time to focus on advanced research rather than daily operational oversight.

“We aimed, among other things, to free more of Vitalik’s time for research and exploration,” Stańczak stated, adding that Buterin’s recent writings on topics like RISC-V and zkVMs have been instrumental in directing attention toward potentially “transformative technologies.”

According to Stańczak, these insights have played a significant role in realigning the Ethereum community around long-term priorities, such as privacy, modularity, and decentralized infrastructure.

Stańczak clarified that Buterin’s proposals are not mandates but starting points for community-led exploration:

Vitalik’s proposals will always carry weight, but they are intended to start conversations and encourage progress in difficult research areas.

He also stressed the importance of giving other researchers the same freedom, highlighting ongoing work by contributors like Justin Drake and Tankard Feist.

Overall. the Foundation’s research direction is now geared toward short-term outcomes that include better Layer-1 scaling, enhanced Layer-2 integration, and more “seamless” user experiences—especially in upcoming upgrades like Pectra, Fusaka, and Glamsterdam.

RISC-V Proposal and Developer Flexibility

The Foundation is also assessing the feasibility of moving from the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) to a more modern execution environment powered by RISC-V.

This proposal, initially introduced by Buterin, suggests that RISC-V could streamline execution, improve efficiency, and simplify zero-knowledge proof implementation.

“We are exploring ways to bring forward projects that currently look three to five years away,” Stańczak noted, referencing possible acceleration in next-gen execution and consensus layer development.

RISC-V’s benefits include broader language compatibility and the potential for backward compatibility with existing EVM contracts. Developers could continue using Solidity and Vyper or expand into languages like Rust.

Additionally, RISC-V could improve validator performance through hardware-level customization, while maintaining core Ethereum features such as account models and contract interactions.

As research and experimentation continue, Stańczak emphasized the importance of community input: “Ethereum researchers often ask that readers recognize the exploratory nature of their posts and proposals. Focus remains essential.”

Ethereum (ETH) price chart on TradingView
ETH price is moving sideways on the 2-hour chart. Source: ETH/USDT on TradingView.com

Featured image created with DALL-E, Chart from TradingView

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Ethereum Price Eyes $2,700 As Wyckoff Accumulation Nears Completion

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Crypto analyst Incognito has predicted that the Ethereum price could soon rally to as high as $2,700. This bullish prediction comes despite ETH’s underperformance so far, with the altcoin’s market share already dropping to new lows.

Ethereum Price Could Rally To $2,700 As Wyckoff Accumulation Nears

In a TradingView post, Incognito predicted that the Ethereum price could witness a big move to $2,700 with the Wyckoff accumulation almost over. He remarked that if support holds, the ETH should see a breakout of the falling wedge. The analyst’s accompanying chart showed that $2,499 is the target for the falling wedge, while $2,700 is the second target that Ethereum could reach on this breakout. 

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However, Incognito warned that this could be a huge trap to shake out sellers, so he advised market participants to be looking to take profits. In the meantime, the Ethereum price could indeed break out to the upside, especially with the Bitcoin price attempting to reclaim the $90,000 level. 

Ethereum
Source: Incognito on Tradingview

The Ethereum price is likely to reach new local highs if Bitcoin can sustain this bullish momentum, given their positive correlation. In an X post, crypto analyst Ali Martinez remarked that this week would be big for ETH as the TD Sequential just flashed a buy signal, hinting at a potential shift in momentum.  

Martinez also raised the possibility of the Ethereum price recording a new bull rally. For that to happen, he mentioned that ETH needs to break the supply wall at $2,330. The leading altcoin could face significant selling pressure at that range, as 12.62 million addresses bought 68.63 million ETH around that range. 

ETH May Have Already Bottomed

In an X post, crypto analyst Titan of Crypto suggested that the Ethereum price has already bottomed or may be bottoming out. He revealed that the leading altcoin is progressing within a giant ascending channel on the macro chart. His accompanying chart showed that ETH could rally to as high as $4,200 following this bullish reversal. 

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Crypto analyst Hardy also echoed a similar sentiment, suggesting that the Ethereum price has already reached its bottom. He noted that ETH’s weekly candle close was bullish and a good indicator of a potential reversal at the key support level around its current price. His accompanying chart showed that Ethereum could rally to as high as $4,300 on this bullish reversal. 

Ethereum price reclaiming the $4,000 level could pave the way for a rally to a new all-time high (ATH). Crypto analyst Crypto Patel predicted that ETH could reach between $6,000 and $8,000 by the end of the year. 

At the time of writing, the Ethereum price is trading at around $1,639, up almost 2% in the last 24 hours, according to data from CoinMarketCap.

Ethereum
ETH trading at $1,644 on the 1D chart | Source: ETHUSDT on Tradingview.com

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Ethereum Analyst Sets $3,000 Target As Price Action Signals Momentum – Details

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Ethereum and the broader crypto market experienced a small but notable pump yesterday, reigniting hopes of a potential trend reversal after weeks of sustained selling pressure. As market uncertainty intensifies, driven largely by global economic tensions and geopolitical strain between the US and China, investors are closely watching for signs of a breakout.

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Despite the headwinds, analysts are starting to shift their tone. Some believe that the worst may be behind for Ethereum and that a strong move to the upside could be brewing. One of the most vocal among them is top analyst Carl Runefelt, who shared a bold outlook, suggesting that Ethereum “might go absolutely parabolic starting from here.” His analysis suggests that ETH is poised to break out from a daily descending trendline, which could serve as a key technical signal indicating va shift in momentum in favor of the bulls.

As Ethereum holds above critical support levels and inches closer to a potential trend reversal, traders and investors are now watching closely for follow-through confirmation. If volume and sentiment continue to build, this could be the beginning of a significant rally — one that may reset expectations for the rest of the cycle.

Ethereum Eyes Recovery Amid Rising Global Tensions

Global tensions and macroeconomic uncertainty continue to weigh heavily on investor sentiment, with the ongoing trade war between the US and China sending shockwaves through equities and high-risk assets. In the midst of this fragile backdrop, Ethereum has managed to find a solid support level around $1,500 and is now attempting to reclaim higher ground. After weeks of selling pressure that erased bullish expectations for the year, ETH is showing early signs of recovery.

Ethereum’s current price structure has become a focal point for market participants. The recent bounce from $1,500 marks a potential higher low, a technical setup often associated with trend reversals. If ETH can successfully push above the $1,700 mark and break the descending trendline, it could spark renewed momentum for bulls.

Runefelt shared an optimistic view, stating that Ethereum could go up really fast from here. According to his analysis, the next key price target sits at $3,000, assuming a confirmed breakout above short-term resistance levels.

Ethereum breaking out from descending triangle | Source: Carl Runefelt on X
Ethereum breaking out from descending triangle | Source: Carl Runefelt on X

Despite continued global risks, the Ethereum network remains fundamentally strong, with growing adoption in DeFi and real-world assets. If the breakout materializes and broader market sentiment stabilizes, ETH could lead the next leg of the crypto recovery.

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Price Faces Key Resistance As Bulls Struggle for Momentum

Ethereum is currently trading at $1,630 after another failed attempt to break above the $1,700–$1,800 resistance zone. This price range has acted as a major barrier over the past several weeks, limiting bullish momentum and keeping ETH locked in a broader downtrend. Bulls must reclaim the local high at $1,691, set last week, to signal a potential shift in structure and confirm the start of a recovery rally.

ETH trying to push above $1,700 resistance | Source: ETHUSDT chart on TradingView
ETH trying to push above the $1,700 resistance | Source: ETHUSDT chart on TradingView

A decisive move above $1,700 could open the door to a test of the $2,000 level, which would mark a significant psychological and technical milestone. However, the lack of follow-through on recent upside attempts reflects ongoing uncertainty across crypto markets, largely driven by macroeconomic tensions and risk-off sentiment.

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If Ethereum fails to gain strength above current levels, a retracement toward $1,500 is likely, with the possibility of further downside if selling pressure intensifies. This level has served as a critical support zone in recent weeks. Without a convincing breakout, ETH remains vulnerable to renewed weakness and deeper corrections. All eyes are now on whether bulls can build enough momentum to flip resistance into support and avoid another leg down.

Featured image from Dall-E, chart from TradingView 



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