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Ethereum Targets 100,000 TPS With Buterin’s ‘The Surge’ Plan

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In a new blog post titled “Possible futures for the Ethereum protocol, part 2: The Surge,” Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin outlined an ambitious roadmap aiming to scale Ethereum’s transaction processing capacity to over 100,000 transactions per second (TPS) across Layer 1 (L1) and Layer 2 (L2) solutions. This initiative, known as “The Surge,” seeks to enhance scalability while preserving decentralization and security.

Buterin began by reflecting on Ethereum’s initial scaling strategies, which involved sharding and Layer 2 protocols like state channels and Plasma. At the beginning, Ethereum had two scaling strategies in its roadmap, he wrote, pointing to a 2015 paper that discussed sharding—a method where each node only needs to verify and store a fraction of the transactions. This approach mirrors how peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent operate.

Simultaneously, Layer 2 protocols were developed to offload computation and data from the main chain while leveraging Ethereum’s security. Rollups emerged in 2019 as a powerful Layer 2 solution, requiring significant on-chain data bandwidth. “Fortunately, by 2019 sharding research had solved the problem of verifying ‘data availability’ at scale. As a result, the two paths converged, and we got the rollup-centric roadmap which continues to be Ethereum’s scaling strategy today,” Buterin explained.

Ethereum Roadmap: The Surge

The Surge aims to achieve several key goals: reaching 100,000+ TPS on L1 and L2, preserving the decentralization and robustness of L1, ensuring that at least some L2s fully inherit Ethereum’s core properties of trustlessness, openness, and censorship resistance, and maximizing interoperability between L2s to make Ethereum feel like a unified ecosystem.

Ethereum The Surge: key goals
Ethereum The Surge: key goals | Source: vitalik.eth.limo

One of the primary techniques to achieve these goals is Data Availability Sampling (DAS). Currently, Ethereum’s L1 data bandwidth is limited, capping rollup TPS at approximately 174. To break this barrier, Ethereum plans to implement PeerDAS, a form of one-dimensional sampling that allows nodes to verify data availability efficiently.

“Our medium-term target is 16 MB per slot, which if combined with improvements in rollup data compression would give us ~58,000 TPS,” Buterin noted. Further into the future, two-dimensional sampling could be adopted to enhance efficiency, albeit with increased complexity. “We need much more work figuring out the ideal version of 2D DAS and proving its safety properties,” he added.

Data compression techniques are also crucial in reducing the data footprint of transactions. These include signature aggregation using BLS signatures, replacing addresses with pointers to historical data, and custom serialization for transaction values. “We can thus represent most currency values very compactly with a custom decimal floating point format, or even a dictionary of especially common values,” Buterin suggested.

Generalized Plasma is another significant component of The Surge. Plasma allows for off-chain transactions with on-chain security assurances. By incorporating SNARKs (Succinct Non-interactive Arguments of Knowledge), Plasma becomes more powerful and generalizable. “Even if you can only protect a subset of assets […] you’ve already greatly improved on the status quo of ultra-scalable EVM, which is a validium,” he stated.

Buterin also emphasized the need to mature L2 proof systems. Most rollups today are not fully trustless, relying on security councils that can override proof systems. He stressed the importance of reaching “Stage 2” rollups, which are fully trustless and secure. This involves formal verification, using mathematical techniques to prove that proof systems align with the EVM specification.

“We can make a formally verified SNARK prover of a minimal VM,” he explained. Additionally, deploying multiple proof systems, or “multi-provers,” ensures redundancy and security. “If the proof systems agree, the security council has no power,” Buterin highlighted.

Enhancing cross-L2 interoperability is also a key focus. One major challenge is making the L2 ecosystem seamless for users. Buterin proposed several improvements, such as chain-specific addresses that include the chain identifier to simplify cross-L2 transactions, standardized payment requests for easy and secure requests for payments across different chains, and developing protocols like ERC-7683 and RIP-7755 for efficient asset exchanges and gas payments.

Buterin also advocated for light clients and keystore wallets to allow users to verify chains without relying on RPC providers and to simplify key management across chains. “Our ability to handle this problem successfully is a test of our ability to stick together as a community,” Buterin asserted.

While L2 scaling is vital, enhancing L1 remains crucial for Ethereum’s security and economic viability. Buterin discussed strategies like increasing the gas limit, making specific operations cheaper through proposals like EOF (EVM Object Format), and exploring native rollups. “A big question that any L1 scaling roadmap needs to answer is: what is the ultimate vision for what belongs on L1 and what belongs on L2?” he posed, emphasizing the need for balance to maintain Ethereum’s core strengths.

Buterin concluded, “Now our task is to bring the rollup-centric roadmap to completion, and solve these problems, while preserving the robustness and decentralization that makes the Ethereum L1 special.”

At press time, ETH traded at $2,625.

Ethereum price
Ether price, 1-week chart | Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

Featured image created with DALL.E, chart from TradingView.com



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Ethereum Founder Buterin Funds Swiss Project With 274 ETH—What’s The Agenda?

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Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin has again made the news with a big donation to a Swiss project called Zuitzerland. Isla, a Web3 researcher developing the project, received the 274 ETH, equivalent to around $500,000, from Buterin, according to reports. The donation was identified by Onchain Lens, a blockchain monitoring site that tracks fund transfers.

This step is not surprising to anyone who has known about Buterin’s charitable activities and experimental associations. Zuitzerland is said to be a product of Buterin’s previous Zuzalu experiment, whose purpose was to unite like-minded people and engage into proposals on technology, longevity, and decentralized regimes.

Ethereum Donation: What Is Zuitzerland?

The Zuitzerland initiative is based on the ideas launched in the Zuzalu experiment, a short-term community project initiated by Buterin between March and May 2023, in Montenegro. Zuzalu assembled about 200 participants who worked and lived together for two months. They exchanged ideas and teamed up on projects together in workshops, discussions, and social gatherings.

Zuitzerland pushes this concept further by hosting residencies, hackathons, and citywide events for those with common interests. The platform emphasizes the development of collaboration between “thinkers and builders.” Although Buterin is not among the founders of the project, he is mentioned as a speaker and curator on its official site, indicating his support and engagement.

Funding Through Token Sales

Buterin’s contribution was partly financed by selling tokens he had earlier received as gifts from other crypto projects. According to on-chain statistics, Buterin sold 5,000 Dohrnii (DHN) tokens for $93,882 and 2 trillion LEDOG (DOG) tokens for $16,569 on March 31, 2025. The proceeds from these sales were aggregated and then sent as 274 ETH to Isla.

ETHUSD trading at $1,873 on the daily chart: TradingView.com

This is not the first time that Buterin has sold tokens gifted to him for a cause. In 2022, he sold some Shiba Inu (SHIB) tokens gifted to him in order to donate to an Indian COVID-19 relief fund. Buterin has also publicly urged token issuers to give directly to charities instead of donating tokens to him.

A History Of Token Donations

Dohrnii Labs, the developers of the DHN token, had sent 10,000 tokens to Buterin in January 2025. Likewise, LEDOG’s developers sent 10 trillion DOG tokens to him in August 2024. Although these tokens are usually given as a token of appreciation, they are also a marketing strategy for visibility. Buterin has been selling these tokens gradually over time, using the funds for donations and other things.

As of now, Buterin still retains 2 trillion DOG tokens, as per data on the blockchain. Nevertheless, his actions reveal a distinct orientation towards leveraging such assets to help initiatives such as Zuitzerland, which align with his belief in decentralized governance and innovation led by community.

Featured image from Gemini Imagen, chart from TradingView

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$2,300 Emerges As The Most Crucial Resistance

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As Ethereum (ETH) continues to experience a significant price downturn, recording a 17% drop over the past month, key resistance levels have emerged as critical points for the second-largest cryptocurrency. Analysts suggest that these levels could ignite a potential trend reversal if reclaimed.

Ethereum Faces Potential Decline To $1,155

In a recent update shared on social media platform X (formerly Twitter), crypto analyst Ali Martinez highlighted two pivotal price points for Ethereum’s immediate future. 

The first, set at $2,100, is seen as a necessary threshold for initiating a new upward trend. However, the $2,300 mark is regarded as a “more decisive” level that Ethereum must breach to confirm a bullish reversal.

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Martinez’s analysis, based on the one-day chart seen below, indicates that if Ethereum fails to reclaim these levels, it may lead to a further decline. 

Ethereum
Key price points for ETH on the daily chart. Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

The next target points to watch would be $1,600 and $1,155, levels that could indicate a new downtrend. Such a decline would represent additional losses of 12% and over 37%, respectively, marking a troubling continuation of Ethereum’s worst first quarter in its history.

In another post, the analyst also pointed out that the Ethereum price is facing a significant resistance wall between $2,200 and $2,580. On-chain data from the analytics firm IntoTheBlock reveals that approximately 12.43 million investors have bought about 66.18 million ETH within this price range. 

A breakout above these levels could potentially generate bullish momentum for the cryptocurrency. However, bullish catalysts that could trigger a move above these levels remain scarce among experts.

ETH’s Largest Accumulation Zone Under Threat

Market intelligence firm Glassnode has indicated that ETH’s Cost Basis Distribution shows limited support near current prices. Weekly data suggests that addresses with a cost basis around $1,800 have not re-engaged. Many investors are reportedly selling at a loss, further adding to the current price uncertainty.

On March 28, several clusters of approximately 250,000 ETH with cost bases between $2,000 and $2,050 effectively vanished, indicating that some higher-cost holders are attempting to average down their positions. 

However, Glassnode asserts that the overall Ethereum accumulation zone appears limited at current price levels, raising questions about future stabilization for the second largest cryptocurrency.

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The largest accumulation zone below the current market price now sits at $1,537, where nearly 994,000 ETH was acquired. If the downtrend continues, this level is expected to serve as structural support in the near term, potentially providing a buffer against further declines.

Ethereum
The daily chart shows ETH’s price trending downwards. Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView.com

ETH is currently trading at $1,830, down 12% for the week.

Featured image from DALL-E, chart from TradingView.com 



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Ethereum May Have To Undo This Death Cross For Bull’s Return

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A quant has revealed how Ethereum (ETH) saw a death cross in this indicator shortly before bearish momentum took the asset in full force.

Ethereum Formed A Death Cross In Funding Rates Earlier

In a CryptoQuant Quicktake post, an analyst has shared a chart for the Funding Rates of Ethereum. The “Funding Rates” refers to a metric that keeps track of the amount of periodic fee that traders on the derivatives market are exchanging between each other right now.

When the value of this indicator is positive, it means the long contract holders are paying a premium to the short investors in order to hold onto their positions. Such a trend suggests a bullish sentiment is shared by the majority of the derivatives traders.

On the other hand, the metric being under the zero mark implies a bearish mentality is dominant in the sector, as short holders are overwhelming the long ones.

Now, here is the chart for the Ethereum Funding Rates posted by the quant, which shows the trend in the 50-day and 200-day simple moving averages (SMAs) of the indicator over the last couple of years:

Ethereum Funding Rates

Looks like these two lines saw a crossover earlier in the year | Source: CryptoQuant

As displayed in the above graph, the 50-day SMA of the Ethereum Funding Rates crossed under the 200-day SMA in January of this year. This suggests that the optimism in the market witnessed a shift.

From the graph, it’s visible that since the crossover in the two SMAs of the indicator has emerged, the ETH price has been sharply moving down. The trend isn’t unique to the asset, as the wider cryptocurrency sector has also seen a similar pattern, with investors becoming risk-averse.

In the first half of last year, the Funding Rates observed the same type of crossover, and then, the Ethereum price followed up with a period of bearish action.

It wasn’t until the reverse crossover happened, with the 50-day SMA finding a break above the 200-day SMA, that bullish momentum returned in the cryptocurrency market. The same pattern was also seen back in 2023.

It’s possible that for constructive price action to return for Ethereum and other assets, a bullish crossover in the Funding Rates may once again have to take place. “When the speculators return and start using their greedy leverage, the crypto bull market will begin,” notes the analyst.

When this would happen, however, is anyone’s guess, as the 50-day and 200-day SMAs of the indicator are currently quite far apart. In 2024, the lines took many months before they crossed back, so it’s possible that it will take some time for the crossover to occur now as well.

ETH Price

Ethereum is moving to end the month of March on a red note as its price has fallen to the $1,800 level, after seeing a decline of almost 14% in the past week.

Ethereum Price Chart

The trend in the ETH price over the last five days | Source: ETHUSDT on TradingView

Featured image from Dall-E, CryptoQuant.com, chart from TradingView.com

Editorial Process for bitcoinist is centered on delivering thoroughly researched, accurate, and unbiased content. We uphold strict sourcing standards, and each page undergoes diligent review by our team of top technology experts and seasoned editors. This process ensures the integrity, relevance, and value of our content for our readers.



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